Direct and Indirect speech

(Kalimat langsung dan tidak langsung)
Pengertian kalimat langsung adalah kalimat yang disampaikan kepada orang pertama kepada orang kedua. Sedangkan informasi yang diterima oleh orang kedua disampaikan lagi kepada orang ketiga dan seterusnya disebut dengan kalimat tidak langsung.
Prinsip kerja kalimat ini adalah senantiasa terdiri dari :

1. REPORTING SPEECH ( Kalimat yang memberitakan)

- Ali says ( Ali berkata)
- Dian says ( Dian berkata)
- Budi said ( Budi berkata) dan lain sebagainya.

1. REPORTED SPEECH ( Kalimat yang diberitakan)

- I am very sleepy ( Saya sangat lapar)
- I will visit you on holiday ( Saya akan mengunjungimu pada waktu liburan)
- We study English together ( Kita belajar bahasa Inggris bersama-sama)
Cara merubah kalimat langsung menjadi tidak langsung ( DIRECT menjadi INDIRECT) yaitu sebagai berikut :

1. Jika Reporting Speechnya terdiri dari :

- Simple Present Tense
- Present Continuous Tense
- Present Future Tense
- Present Perfect Tense
( Simple Present Tense dan Present Perfect Tense yang paling sering dipergunakan).
Maka TIDAK TERJADI PERUBAHAN TENSES pada Reported Speechnya.
Contoh :

1. Ali says :” I am very sleepy now” (Kalimat langsung)

Ali says that he is very sleepy now (Kalimat tidak langsung)

1. Diana has said :” I need your help to solve my problem

Diana said that she needs my help to solve her problem

1. The students say :” We have done our homework very well”.

The students say that they have done their homework very well.
Ketiga contoh di atas memberikan gambaran bahwa tidak terjadi perubahan pada Reported Speechnya, namun yang berubah hanya subjek, dan possessivenya saja. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan seperti pada table berikut :

DIRECT	INDIRECT
I	He/She
My	His / Her
Your	My
You	Me
We	They
Our	Their

1. Jika Reporting Speechnya terdiri dari :

- Simple Past Tense
- Past Perfect Tense
Maka akan terjadi perubahan tenses dan kata keterangan waktu pada Reported Speechnya. Perubahan-perubahan tersebut yaitu sebagai berikut :

DIRECT SPEECH	INDIRECT SPEECH
Simple Present Tense	Simple Past Tense
Present Continuous Tense	Past Continuous Tense
Present Future Tense	Past Future Tense
Simple Past Tense	Past Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Tense	Past Perfect Tense

Perubahan Kata Keterangan waktu :

DIRECT SPEECH	INDIRECT SPEECH
Now	Then
Tomorrow	The following day
……Later	The following……..
Next……	The following……
Yesterday	The day before
Last…….	……..before
……ago	..……before
This	That
These	Those
Here	There

Contoh Kalimat :

1. Simple Present Tense berubah menjadi Simple Past Tense

Ridha said:” I want to come to your house on Sunday”.
Ridha said that she wanted to come to my house on Sunday.

1. Present Continuous Tense berubah menjadi Past Continuous Tense

Robby said:” I am writing a letter to my friend now”.
Robby said that he was writing a letter to his friend then.

1. Present Future Tense berubah menjadi Past Future Tense.

Nancy had said :” I will visit your village next December”.
Nancy had said that she would visit my village the following December.

1. Simple Past Tense berubah menjadi Past Perfect Tense.

Tommy said :” I drove my new car on the highway yesterday”.
Tommy said that he had driven his new on the highway the day before.

1. Present Perfect Tense berubah menjadi Past Perfect Tense.

The secretary said :” I have typed these contract letters for an hour”.
The secretary said that she had typed those contract letters for an hour.